ORGANIC soil fertility for enhanced PADDY PRODUCTION and sales with less cost, as in some rice fields in ORISSA
MODEL ACHIEVED
AK Panigrahix1, TR Sahoox2, HS Beherax3 and NK Swainx4
SUMMARY:
Green Revolution in the countryside in the early sixties introduced to meet the demand of food, and add corn cultivation in the rabi. The consequences of this revolution is appalling disaster. The humus has lost no ground, its water holding capacity, pests have acquired enormous resistance to pesticides. Indian rice fields are about the addition of 37 8 metric tons of methane, a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Food and groundwater contaminated with pesticides.
The environmental deterioration, food, and water pollution demand a paradigm change from chemical to organic farming. With the growing demand for food, diminishing arable land holdings and agricultural communities of the exodus from villages to cities abandonment of farming, only organic farming will not be sufficient. The new technology is designed as a sustainable agriculture, where soil fertility, yield and pest control are taken care of with the environment, known. This type of agriculture is in harmony with nature. The article examines three ex-situ experiments, during which examines the issues mentioned above together with the cost-benefit ratio, and thrown into agriculture to make sustainable light.
INTRODUCTION
More than six decades, Sir Albert Howard, the nature of the soil fertility, said in his famous book “An Agricultural Testament” as a framework. The nature of the soil fertility can only be understood if it be considered in relation to natural round. To study the soil fertility, we have to know the natural functioning system and to adopt the methods of investigation in relation to such a severe issue. We have to affect the fertility of soil, as we would a business where the profit and loss account and balance sheet must be taken study, the appearance of concern and the method of management. We have the wood, not consider the individual tree. So it is with soil fertility. According to him, a fertile soil is one that has the humus in abundance. When the soil is poor in humus, the volume of pore space is reduced, the aeration of the soil is impeded, there is not enough organic matter of soil for the population, the ground runs machinary, the supply of oxygen, water and dissolved salts needed by the root hairs is reduced, the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in the green leaf with a lower income rate, the growth is affected.
Chemical Agriculture, Impact Analysis;
Then came the war and the war ended earlier than expected, which stack in the camp of war surplus exploxive related materials, mostly compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Global approach to agriculture in the case of population growth and developments in materials and life sciences changed. New seeds have been developed and introduced to the food production, improve soon in populous countries like India, popular, China, Southeast Asian countries and Japan. War surplus chemicals were converted into compounds called artificial chemical fertilizers. The seeds, popularly called “Green Revolution seeds” or “Miracle Seed”, were developed in order to consume this artificial synthetic chemical fertilizers with water and
produce more food. Thus reducing came in monoculture at the expense of agro biodiversity and resources such as water.
Four decades in the green revolution in India, the situation is pathetic, humus soil in general has become defective, excessively hard and takes no pores on the opening of air and moisture. This ground no longer carries the positive microbes, but the pathogen and pest eggs, requiring excessive use of synthetic pesticides. The effects of these agrochemicals, artificial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides and observable. There were no data have been from any of the Indian authorities such as the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (USEPA published). The U.S. EPA in 1991 showed that the prediction of methane emission from Indian rice fields amounted to 37. 8 metric tons per year, the Indian paddy cultivators throws in addition to the global greenhouse gas methane as a greenhouse gas accumulation and apply. Consequently, more emphasis is now placed in Indian, in order not to conventional farming and paddy cultivation is limited to hold 47 percent of the total arable land to relocate. Use of artificial chemical fertilizers, especially N-fertilizer, charge of agricultural pests and applications of pesticides, mainly synthetic pesticides. The devastating consequences of the use of these synthetic pesticides over several decades are now clearly visible. There is an increase of pesticide resistance in pests and disease causing microbes at the expense of beneficial organisms such as beneficial insects (bees) and scavenging birds (vultures). Reports of crop failures are also the changes in the natural state of the ground connected. Reports of methane emissions are apparently due to excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers such as urea. Reports on occurrence of pesticides in agriculture in underground water (mineral water and soft drinks) are certainly due to their excessive applications and not degrading. There are reports of people in the villages to die after drinking water from shallow tube wells in Orissa (Chakulia, Balasore, 2005).
HYPOTHESIS
This was considered essential to find a solution to both increase crop yields through improved soil fertility, organic to hold without further degrading his status and the pathogens and pests in check by the use of natural pest control distribution, botanical pesticides and employs biological pest control . But the most important is, according to Sir Howard, to take stock of the profit-loss, what to grow into a profitable enterprise, so uncalled for future situations such as withdrawal of resources, contract farming and especially exodus of the agricultural communities of the villages in cities have successfully thwarted. In India, agriculture is one million years old company has changed and removed like Sir Howard, a Western expert on oriental one expert. The population is alarming, but decreases growing arable land. The farmers are committed suicides because of crop failures. There should be a shift in approach to the whole practice of agriculture at the moment. Modern agriculture is to be made sustainable, ie, in harmony with nature. With the abandonment of targets set in the head, the authors with the main crops of Orissa, i. e. paddy cultivation experiments, both in Kharif and Rabi. Methodology of the approach, implementation, monitoring and cost-effectiveness of three such ex-situ experiments are one of the Rabi and the other two of Kharif furnished below.
Materials and methods Observations:
Experiment 1: Rabi 2003 -04
Farmer’s name and address – Sri Surendra Nath Patra, Vill-Dharampur, Fulwar Kasba, Balasore, Orissa.
Soil quality – deltaic alluvial
Crop-Type Paddy (HYV) – Lalat (ORS-26-2014-4), known qualities – maturity: 125-130 days.
Grain type: Medium * Diet, grain yield per hectare: 40 quintals (as on record)
Experimental Unit Area: 1 Acre
Source of seed: Farmers’ own saved (OS)
SL-No. Chemical Control activities associated Rs Rs Rs organic
1st Seed cost OS 0th 00 OS 0th 00 OS 0th 00
2nd Seedbed preparation 2HL 100th 2000 100th 2HL 2000 100th 2HL 00
80th 1BL 2000 80th 1BL 2000 80th 1BL 2000
3rd Tractor cultivation is 600th 2000 600th Tractors 00 tractors 600th 00
(Two hours) (2 hours) (2 hours)
4th Farm manure is not applied not applied 2 t 0th 00
(II)
5th Puddling 6 HL 300th 2000 300th 6HL 2000 300th 6HL 00
2BL 160th 2000 160th 2BL 2000 160th 2BL 00
6th Basal application of 70 kg Nile Gromor Pongam 700th 00 Oil cake MOP 1QT. 400th 00 20 kg 100th 00 Azolla 0th 00
(I. I)
7th Transplantation 35HL 1750th HL 00 40 2000th HL 00 35 1750th 00
8th Intercultural 5HL 250th 2000 350th 7HL 2000 5th HL 250th 2000
9th a) If top dressing Nile Urea Pongam oil cake
12 kg 60th 00 50 kg 200th 00
MOP cow urine
6kg 30th 00 250 LTS. 0th 00 (I. I)

b) 2 Top dressing Nile Urea
10 kg 50th 00 Cow urine
MOP 250 LTS. 0th 2000 25th 5kg 00 (I. I)

10th Pesticide application equipment Nile 400th 2000 200th 00
(Appln lure.)
11th Irrigation (total) 250 2000 250th 2000 250th 00
12th Cutting of plants 15HL 750th 2000 900th 18HL 2000 750th 15HL 00
13th Threshing 10HL 500th 2000 650th 13HL 2000 500th 10HL 00
14th Miscellaneous expenses Nile 100th 2000 150th 00
(Plant)
15th Total costs involved (in R) 4740th 2000 6855. 2000 5690. 00
16th a. yield of grains 12th 7qntls. 20th 2qntls 23rd 5qntls
@ @ @ 520/-per qntl 520/-qntl 520/-qntl
6604th 00 10 504. 00 12 220. 00
b. Yield of straw fifteenth 85qntls 25th 07qntls 29th 47qntls
@ 80 / -= 1268th 00 @ 70 / -= 1755th 00 @ 80 / -= 2358th 00
17th Total yield (in terms of Rs) 7872. 00 12 259. 2000 14,578. 00
18th Net 3132 profit. 2000 5404. 2000 8888. 00
19th Cost-benefit ratio (17/15) 1 66 1st 788 2nd 562
Experiment -2: Kharif 2004-05:
Name and address of farmer: Raghunath barik, Bhimpur
Soil: alluvial Coastal Crop Type: Paddy HYV (Pooja) (newly introduced)
Experimental unit area: 1 Acre source of seed: Farmers’ own saved seeds (0s)
SL-No. Chemical Control activities associated Rs Rs Rs organic
1st Seed cost OS 0th 00 OS 0th 00 OS 0th 00
2nd Seedbed preparation 2HL 100th 2000 100th 2HL 2000 100th 2HL 00
80th 1BL 2000 80th 1BL 2000 80th 1BL 00
3rd Tractor Tractor Tractor cultivation is
2h 600th 00 2h. 600th 00 2h. 600th 00
4th Farm manure is not applied not applied 2 tons (II) 0 00
5th Puddling 6HL 300th 2000 300th 6HL 2000 300th 6HL 00
2BL 160th 2000 160th 2BL 2000 160th 2BL 00
6th Basal application of NIL Gromor Pongam oil cake
70 kg 700th 2000 1st 5q-600. 00
MOP Sesbania
20kg 100th 2000 110th 10kg 00
B. F 500gm. 100th 00
V. C. qntls 5.
(I. I) 0 00
7th Transplantation 35HL 1750th 2000 40HL 20000th 00 35HL 1750th 00
8th Intercultural 8HL 400th 2000 500th 10HL 2000 400th 8HL 00
9th Top dressing is Nil Bacterial Urea Fertilizer
12kg 60th 00 250 GM-50. 00
MOP Compost second 5qntls.
6kg 30th 00 (1. 1) 0. 00
10th 2nd Top dressing Nile bacterial urea fertilizers
10kg 50th 00 250 GM-50. 00
MOP Compost second 5qntls.
5kg 25th 00 (1. 1) 0. 00
11th Pesticide application equipment Nile 400th Overall 00 (1. 1) 0. 00
12th Crop cutting 15HL 750th 2000 900th 18HL 2000 750th 15HL 00
13th Threshing 10HL 500th 2000 650th 13HL 2000 500th 10HL 00
14th Miscellaneous Nile 100th 2000 150th 00
15th Total cost is involved (in RS.) 4640. 2000 6755. 2000 5,700. 00
16th a. yield of grain 16th 50qntl. 8580th 2000 21st 9qntl. 11 388. 2000 22nd 10qntl. 11 492 / –
b. Yield of straw 22nd 10qntl 1768th 00 27th 5qntl 1925th 2000 29th 4qntl 2352 / –
c. Total yield (in RS.) 10 348. 00 13 313. 00 13 844 / –
17th Net 5708 profit. 2000 6558. 2000 8144 / –
18th Cost-benefit ratio (16c/15) 2 23 1st 971 2nd 429
Soil fertility status of the above plants in various stages.
Plot N (Kg / ha) P (Kg / ha) m (Kg / ha)
Subiah Asija 1956 and Olsen’s method, ammonium acetate method (alkaline permanganate)
Initial 45DAT After Initial After Initial 45DAT 45DAT After
Harvest harvest harvest
Control 511th 9 499th 4 426th 49 50th 2000 44th 6 15th 2 312th 12:00 300th 8 200th 25
511th Chemical 9 561st 2 520th 57 fiftieth 2000 52nd 2 26th 16 312th 12:00 346th 6 241st 9
Bio-511. 9 560th 7 564th 4 50th 2000 43rd 7 18th 24 312th 12:00 336th 8 251st 32
Experiment. 3rd Kharif 2004-05
Name and address of farmer: Sri Pitamber Jena,
At-Mangalpur, PO – Chengua-Mangalpur, Via-Bhimda, Dist, Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: sandy loam
Crop Type: Paddy (HYV) Kasturi
Source: seeds from other farmers (PI)
Purchased
(7 5 kg @ 5 / – per kg = Rs 37th 50p)
Known potential yield of the variety (Kasturi) ± 20 quintals per hectare (chemical)
Size: 30 digits (100 decimal = 1 acre)
Ingredients used:
1st Sesbania (Dhanicha) seed @ 12 kg / acre = 3kg 600gm @ RS. 11 / – 1 kg = Rs 39th 60p)
2nd Pongam oil cake @ 45 kg 150kg/acre = @ RS. 4/-kg = 180th Case 00
3rd Cow urine soaked floor barn @ 4 q / ha = 1 2 quintals (Internal input)
4th Fresh Kuhurin@8.7 liter two times a week for six weeks (internal input)
5th Homemade compost pile – load of 2 (II)
MATERIAL FOR
Sesbania seeds were sown in the soil after the first plowing and allowed to grow up to preflowering stage, where after the plowed field and the plants had been incorporated into the soil with pongam oil cake, cow cow urine soaked floor and homemade compost. Agricultural land surface soil was thus transformed into a paste of soil, plant Sesbania, pongam oil cake, cow urine-soaked soil, home compost and stagnant water (just enough to create to a muddy condition). It was left to stand overnight. The field was then with the paddy seedlings two days after the transplant. After the area was weeded regularly and applied fresh cow urine at regular intervals, to add more potash * on the ground.
[* The authors found that of fresh cow's urine is a rich source of available potash to the plants and in better fruit to help. ]
Observation:
1st The soil samples were collected at various stages for the study of soil fertility conditions and the NPK values determined.
Study of sample N (kg / ha) P (kg / ha) K (K / ha)
Initial 283rd 7 42nd 6 168th 3
DAT 45 458th 2 45th 8 273rd 6
DAT 75 462nd 1 39th 9 260th 1
After harvesting, 393rd 6 35th 2 254th 7
2nd Yield of grain at harvest: 8 5 quintals (28th @ 33 quintals per hectare or 70 quintals per hectare)
3rd Yield of the straw at harvest: 9 9 quintals (32nd @ 9 q / ha)
Cost-benefit index:
1st Total expenditure: Rs 1317th 10
A. Ingredients: (bought in)
i. Cost of Paddy grain: 37 Rs 50
ii. Cost of Sesbania seeds: 39th Case 60
iii. Cost of pongam oil cake: Rs 180th 00
B. Labour:
i. a seedbed HL: 50th Case 00
ii. Is CULTIVATION 1 BL: 80th Case 00
iii. Puddling I BL: 80 Rs 2000
iv. Transplantation 10 hl: Rs 500th 2000
v. InterCulture 1HL: Rs fiftieth 00
vi. Crop cutting 4 HL: Rs 200th 00
vii. Threshing 2HL: Rs 100th 00

2nd Total revenue yield:
i. value of grain,
8th 5 dz @ 600 / – per quintal =: Rs 5100th 00
ii price of straw,
9th 9 dz dz = @ 80/-per: Rs 792nd 2000
———————< Br />
TOTAL Rs 5892nd 00
3rd Cost-benefit ratio (1.2) = 4 47

Abbreviations:
HL = human labor, BL = Bullock work, MOP = muriate of potash, N = nitrogen (total), P = Phosphorus (available), K = Potash (available), II = Internal Input, PI =- Purchased input, BF = Bacterial Feriliser, VC = vermicompost.
x1 – Principal Investigator, UGC MRP Organic Farming, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001
x2-Project Associate, UGC MRP Organic Farming, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001
x3-Research Associates, PPBSA-Navdanya, Ranipatna, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001.
x4-Co-Investigator, UGC MRP Organic Farming, FM (Auto) College, Balasore (Orissa) 756 001
Acknowledgments:
The authors thank the University Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2, and the Navdanya Trust, A/60 hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 for financial support received from them to the ex-situ field studies carried out assessments and laboratory.

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